For each of the following expressions, select LISTEME or FORMED BY RULE. Choose LISTEME if the expression is one that would have to be learned as a specific item of English. Select FORMED BY RULE if you could create it and/or understand it without having previously encountered it simply by knowing the words and morphemes and the rules for putting words and sentences together. (The intended meaning of each expression is given below it in small type. Refer only to the meaning given there.
a. nonalcoholic
(containing no alcohol)
b. nonchalant
(giving the appearance being unconcerned)
c. yellow jacket
(a type of wasp with yellow and black stripes)
d. green shirt
(an upper body garment having the color of grass)
e. My dad jumped down my throat.
(my male parent got angry with me)
f. The gnat flew into my nose
(the small insect entered my nasal passage)
Below are four flags. For each flag, select whether the design on the flag bears an ARBITRARY (= non-iconic) or NON-ARBITRARY (= iconic) relationship to the place it represents.
a. FINLAND
b. CAMBODIA
c. ANTARCTICA
d. UNITED STATES
Below are pictures of five types of "fasteners" for clothes with their respective names. WHICH ONE DOES NOT DOES NOT FIT?
| a. |
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| b. |
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| c. |
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| d. |
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| e. |
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In each of the following sentences, there is an affix (in red) that has been used incorrectly. Select whether the affix is DERIVATIONAL or INFLECTIONAL. (Try to think of a reason for why the affix would be classified in this way, based on the discussion on pages 40-41 of the APS reader.)
a. The car hit the pedestrian because he was walked against the signal.
b. The candidate accused his opponent of accepting lavish gifts from a lobbier.
c. Janet is more cleverer than me.
d. The TV station has received some new informations on the car chase.
e. The veterans wanted a large sculpture to symbolify their sacrifices.
f. Your arguments are OK as far as they go, but they need some refineness.
Which ONE of the following trees would be the correct structure for the word DRY CLEANER?
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
Each of the cartoons below bases its joke on an unexpected interepretation or use of word structure (or perhaps better, "listeme" structure). Select whether the basis of the joke uses something unusual in an INFLECTIONAL MORPHEME, a DERIVATIONAL MORPHEME, a COMPOUND, or an IDIOM.
a.
b.
c.
d.
Here is a "Hägar der Schreckliche" ("Hagar the Horrible") cartoon in German and below is the German text with breaks between morphemes marked by hyphens plus word-for-word and idiomatic English translations.
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German has four noun cases: nominative: subject of sentence "masc./nom." = masculine nominative "masc./acc." = masculine accusative "masc./gen." = masculine genitive "neut./nom." = neuter nominative "neut./dat." = neuter dative |
| 1a
1b 1c |
was-a hard-neut./nom. bit work for-the reception my-neut./gen. women-party-neut./gen. |
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| 2a | bis auf ein-s!
until to one-neut./acc. |
except for one thing! |
| 3a
3b |
Schaff mi-r dies-en floh-verseuch-t-en Bastard
aus de-m Haus! out the-masc./dat. house |
Get this flea-bitten bastard
out of the house for me! |
| 8a | Herz-lich-en Dank!
heart-ly-plural thanks |
Thanks a lot! |
Choose the appropriate category for each of the items in red.
