"Embedded Root Phenomenon: Linguistic, Formal, and Philosophical 
		Aspects"
	
		Hans-Martin Gaertner

The course will review the phenomenon of "Embedded Root Phenomena" (ERPs), which 
was originally discussed by Hooper & Thompson (1973), in the light of current 
approaches to syntax, (discourse) semantics, and speech acts. 

The general interest of ERPs, such as embedded SAI-constructions in Germanic 
languages, lies in their "global" nature, putting to test hypotheses of the 
linguistic division of labor. It can for example be shown that both 
hypotactic and paratactic approaches to ERPs are feasible, each requiring 
different assumptions about the semantics and pragmatics of scope assignment, 
anaphora resolution, information of current discourse-semantic frameworks 
with approaches to sentence mood and speech-act theory, such as the SDRT-
framework (Asher and Lascarides 2003). 

The course will consist of the following five lectures, details of which 
are given below. 
Lecture 1: Overview over Embedded Root Phenomena
Lecture 2: Review and criticism of the "traditional" approaches to ERPs
Lecture 3: Verb Second Relatives (V2Rs): A case study
Lecture 4: Review and criticism of the DRT-approach to V2Rs
Lecture 5: Modeling "Proto-Force" and dependent speech acts

The aim of L1 is largely descriptive, getting students acquainted with 
a wide variety of ERPs. Examples will be drawn mainly from Hooper & 
Thompson (1973), and Green (1976), as well as the literature on 
"Embedded V2 Constructions" (EV2s) (e.g. de Haan 2001; Wechsler 1991). 
The aim of L2 is analytic, criticizing the "traditional" approaches to ERPs, 
mainly on the grounds of their "naive" view on the syntax/semantics/
pragmatics interaction. Some philosophical qualms related to the 
Wittgensteinian distinction of "pictures/representations" and "the 
use of such representations" (cf. Stenius 1960) belongs here as well. 
L3 will provide a detailed case study of "V2 Relatives" (V2Rs), such 
as described in Gaertner (2001; 20002). This will include discussion 
of syntactic approaches to extraposition, as well as discourse 
semantic approaches to cross-sentential anaphora, and presupposition. 
L4 will review and criticize the DRT-based approach to V2Rs provided 
in L3. This will include looking at the prospects of implementations 
in terms of "Patient DRT" (van Deemter 1990) and "Compositional 
DRT" (Muskens 1996). The stage will be set for the addition of 
(something like) "proto-forces", in order to get a more satisfactory 
interaction of syntax and interpretation, capturing the sensitivity 
of V2Rs to illocutionary factors. 
L5 will discuss the concept of proto-forces in terms of a "projection 
mechanism" analogous to DRT-presupposition projection (van der Sandt 
1992). It will also look at (rivaling) current treatments of 
"dependent speech acts"  such as the relational approach by Asher 
& Lascarides (2003) and the "quantifying into speech acts"-approach 
by Krifka (Krifka 2001). 

References:
Asher, Nicholas and Alexis Lascarides (2003):  "Logic of Conversation". 
	Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 
de Haan, Gennen (2001): "More is Going On Upstairs than Downstairs: Embedded 
	Root Phenomena in West Frisian". Journal of Comparative 
	Germanic Linguistics 4:3 - 38.
Gaertner, Hans-Martin (2001): "Are There V2 Relative Clauses in German?" 
	Journal of Comparative Germanic Linguistics 3:97-141.
-----  (2002): "On the Force of V2-Declaratives". Theoretical Linguistics 
	28:33-42.
Green Georgia (1976): "Main Clause Phenomena in Subordinate Clauses", 
	Language 52:382-397.
Krifka, Manfred (2001): "Quantifying into Question Acts". Natural Language 
	Semantics 9:1-40.
Muskens, Reinhart (1996): "Combining Montague Seantics and Discourse 
	Representation". Linguistics and Philosophy 19:143-186.
Stenius, Erik (1960): "Wittgenstein's Tractatus". London: Blackwell.
van Deemter, Kees (1990): "Forward References in Natural Language". 
	Journal of Semantics 9:333-377.
van der Sandt, Rob (1992): "Presupposition Projection as Anaphora 
	Resolution". Journal of Semantics 7:281-300.
Wechsler, Stephen (1991): "Verb Second as Illocutionary Force". 
	Pp. 177-191 in Views on Phrase Structure, eidted by Katherine 
	Leffel and Denis Bouchard. Dordrecht: Kluwer.